Queen Seondeok of Koreas Silla Kingdom

Queen Seondeok ruled the Kingdom of Silla  starting in 632, marking the first time a female monarch rose to power in Korean history — but certainly not the last. Unfortunately, much of the history of her reign, which took place during Koreas Three Kingdoms period, has been lost to time. Her story lives on in legends of her beauty and even occasional clairvoyance.   Although Queen Seondeok led her kingdom in a war-torn and violent era, she was able to hold the country together and advance Silla culture. Her success paved the way for future ruling queens, marking a new era in a female dominion of South Asian kingdoms. Born Into Royalty Not much is known about Queen Seondeoks early life, but it is known that she was born Princess Deokman in 606 to King Jinpyeong, the 26th king of the Silla, and his first queen Maya. Although some of Jinpyeongs royal concubines had sons, neither of his official queens produced a surviving boy. Princess Deokman was well-known for her intelligence and accomplishments, according to the surviving historical records. In fact, one story tells of a time when the Emperor Taizong of Tang China sent a sample of poppy seeds and a painting of the flowers to the Silla court and Deokman predicted the flowers in the picture would have no scent. When they bloomed, the poppies were indeed odorless. The princess explained that there were no bees or butterflies in the painting — hence, her prediction that the blossoms were not fragrant. Becoming Queen Seondeok As the oldest child of a queen and a young woman of great intellectual power, Princess Deokman was selected to be her fathers successor. In Silla culture, a familys heritage was traced through both the matrilineal and patrilineal sides in the system of bone ranks  Ã¢â‚¬â€ giving high-born women more authority than in other cultures of the time. Because of this, it was not unknown for women to rule over small sections of the Silla Kingdom, but they had only ever served as regents for their sons or as dowager queens — never in their own name. This changed when King Jinpyeong died in 632 and the 26-year-old Princess Deokman became the first-ever outright female monarch as Queen Seondeok. Reign and Accomplishments During her 15 years on the throne, Queen Seondeok used skillful diplomacy to form a stronger alliance with Tang China. The implicit threat of Chinese intervention helped to ward off attacks from Sillas rivals, Baekje and Goguryeo, yet the queen was not afraid to send out her army as well. In addition to external affairs, Seondeok also encouraged alliances among the leading families of Silla. She arranged marriages between the families of Taejong the Great and General Kim Yu-sin — a power bloc that would later lead Silla to unify the Korean Peninsula and end the Three Kingdoms period. The queen was interested in  Buddhism, which was fairly new to Korea at the time but had already become the state religion of Silla. As a result, she sponsored the Bunhwangsa Temple construction near Gyeongju in 634 and oversaw the completion of Yeongmyosa in 644. The  80-meter-tall Hwangnyongsa pagoda included nine stories, each of which represented one of Sillas enemies. Japan, China, Wuyue (Shanghai), Tangna, Eungnyu, Mohe (Manchuria), Danguk, Yeojeok, and Yemaek — another Manchurian population associated with the Buyeo Kingdom — were all depicted on the pagoda until Mongol invaders burned it down in 1238. Lord Bidams Revolt Near the end of her reign, Queen Seondeok faced a challenge from a Silla nobleman called Lord Bidam. Sources are sketchy, but he likely rallied supporters under the motto Women rulers cannot rule the country. The story goes that a bright falling star convinced Bidams followers that the queen too would fall soon. In response, Queen Seondeok flew a flaming kite to show that her star was back in the sky. After just 10 days, according to the memoirs of a Silla general, Lord Bidam and 30 of his co-conspirators were captured. The rebels were executed by her successor nine days after Queen Seondeoks own death. Other Legends of Clairvoyance and Love In addition to the story of the poppy seeds of her childhood, further legends about Queen Seondeoks predictive abilities have come down through word of mouth and some scattered written records. In one story, a chorus of white frogs appeared in the dead of winter and croaked ceaselessly in the Jade Gate Pond at Yeongmyosa Temple. When Queen Seondeok heard about their untimely emergence from hibernation, she immediately sent 2,000 soldiers to the Womans Root Valley, or Yeogeunguk, west of the capital at Gyeongju, where the Silla troops found and wiped out a force of 500 invaders from neighboring Baekje. Her courtiers asked Queen Seondeok how she knew that the Baekje soldiers would be there and she replied that the frogs represented soldiers, white meant they came from the west, and their appearance at the Jade Gate — a euphemism for female genitalia — told her that the soldiers would be in the Womans Root Valley. Another legend preserves the Silla peoples love for Queen Seondeok. According to this story, a man named  Jigwi  traveled to the Yeongmyosa Temple to see the queen, who was making a visit there. Unfortunately, he was tired out by his journey and fell asleep while waiting for her. Queen Seondeok was touched by his devotion, so she gently placed her bracelet on his chest as a sign of her presence. When  Jigwi  woke up and found the queens bracelet, his heart was so filled with love that it burst into flame and burned down the entire pagoda at Yeongmyosa. Death and Succession One day sometime before her passing, Queen Seondeok gathered her courtiers and announced that she would die on January 17, 647. She asked to be buried in the Tushita Heaven and her courtiers replied that they did not know that location, so she pointed out a place on the side of Nangsan (Wolf Mountain). On exactly the day that she had predicted, Queen Seondeok died and was interred in a tomb on Nangsan. Ten years later, another Silla ruler built Sacheonwangsa  Ã¢â‚¬â€ The Temple of Four Heavenly Kings — down the slope from her tomb. The court later realized that they were fulfilling a final prophecy from Seondeok wherein Buddhist scripture, the Four Heavenly Kings live below the Tushita Heaven on Mount Meru. Queen Seondeok never married or had children. In fact, some versions of the poppy legend suggest that the Tang Emperor was teasing Seondeok about her lack of offspring when he sent the painting of the flowers with no attendant bees or butterflies. As her successor, Seondeok chose her cousin Kim Seung-man, who became Queen Jindeok. The fact that another ruling queen followed immediately after Seondeoks reign proves that she was an able and astute ruler, Lord Bidams protestations notwithstanding. The Silla Kingdom would also boast Koreas third and final female ruler, Queen Jinseong, who nearly two hundred years later from 887 to 897.

Islam And The Western Media - 3071 Words

â€Å"When I think Islam, I think belly dancers, bombs, and billionaires† This is something I have heard from many people’s mouths. When people think of the word Islam, or Muslim, a certain generalized picture comes to mind. I am sure this picture involves such things as sand, camels, oil, covered women, hookah, amongst other things. Though this is what the Western media generalizes Islam as, there is much more to Islam than the three B’s and these pictures that come to mind. Islam is not only a religion but is also a way of life. Like many things, Islam is stereotyped, generalized, and misunderstood. When most of us think of Islam we think of the â€Å"oppressed† women and â€Å"messed up† laws and we fail to see the truths of Islam and what it really stands for. Though the stereotypes we have heard may have or currently do believe, hold some truth there is more to Islam than what most Americans and westerners claim to see. Islam means submission to the will of Allah (swt1), {see footnote} the Arabic word for God, and the obedience of His law. Islam is the religion followed by Muslims. Muslim means one who submits to Allah (swt). Allah (swt) sent Prophet Muhammad (saws2) the words of the Koran, the Holy Book of Islam. Prophet Muhammad (saws) also wrote the Hadith, which is the group of sayings of Prophet Muhammad (saws) {see footnote} and a collection of things that he did. The Koran, also spelt Qur’an, and the Hadith are the books that are the basis for the Islamic faith and theShow MoreRelatedIslam and Western Media1930 Words   |  8 PagesSiddiqui Introduction to Islam Islam amp; Muslims in Western Media In July 12, 2008 publication of the New York Times, it was reported that the President of Sri Lanka was killed in a suicide attack. The religion of the suicide bomber was never reported. 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Spiral Concentrator Free Essays

Chapter 1. Spiral  §1. 1 Spiral A spiral concentrator uses gravity to separate particles of different densities. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiral Concentrator or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is used globally in the mineral processing industry. It is one of the most effective, low-cost devices for the gravity beneficiation of ores. Manufactured from lightweight, corrosion and abrasion resistant materials, spirals require a minimum of maintenance and upkeep. Consists of an open trough that twists downward in helix configuration about a central axis. Particles fed to the top of the concentrator are separtated radially on the basis of density and size as the slurry gravitates downward.Spirals are made of fiberglass onto which smooth urethane surface is molded to form a trough in the shape of a spiral as the name suggests. Between individual spiral types, the profile of the trough and the pitch as well as the diameter and height and number of turns can vary according to duty. Feed slurry is introduced at the top and is subjected to a combination of gravitational and centrifugal forces imparted by its motion down the spiral. This causes high SG minerals to move towards the centre of the trough and water and low SG minerals towards the outside. The segregated slurry discharging from the spiral at the bottom can thus be separated by cutters into high SG (concentrate) and low SG (tailings) together with intermediate SG (middling). Single Start Spiral  §1. 2 Applications of Spirals Spiral concentrators have, over numerous years, found many varied applications in mineral processing, but perhaps their most extensive usage has been in the treatment of heavy mineral sand deposits, such as those carrying ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and monazite, and in recent years in the recovery of fine coal.Spirals are commonly used to separate sand sized particles with moderate SG differential in the range -2mm +75um, although varieties exist that can separate reasonably efficiently down to 38um. Below this size range efficiency falls off rapidly, and enhanced fine gravity separators are generally required. Applications for spiral separators †¢ Mineral Sands †¢ Iron ore †¢ Chromite †¢ Silica Sands †¢ Coal †¢ Gold à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Others Spiral components ? Modular feedbox ? Splitters ? Repulpers ? Product box Modular feedbox – The feed point to a spiral separator is an area where the feed slurry is normally relatively fast flowing.The duty of the feedbox is to dissipate some of the energy in the feed slurry and present the feed to the top of the separation trough in a homogenous and quiescent slurry distributed across the width of the spiral trough. The modular feed box system achieves this objective with replaceable componentry that can withstand a high impact abrasion. [pic] Splitters- Each spiral start has six concentrate collection splitters which direct the concentrate into the inboard collection trough. These splitter mechanisms are designed for easy adjustment and repeatable positioning (using a graduated scale).They have a positive splitter-to-spiral seal and are able to handle a high volume of concentrate. All splitter handle indicators are readily visible so that the operator s can see and adjust large numbers of handles accurately and quickly. The splitter is used to direct the particles to their respective discharge ports. At the end of the spiral there is a Splitter and discharge part Repulpers – The installation of repulpers on spiral troughs improves the separation efficiency of spiral separators. The function of repulpers is to capture and divert a portion of water from the high velocity tailing stream and introduce it to the relatively sluggish middling stream in order fluidise the particle bed and re-initiate separation mechanisms . Repulper to Direct water from Outer Spiral Wall To concentrate collection area Product Box- The collection and laundering of the product fractions from spirals (concentrators, middlings, tailings) is facilitated by product boxes which are designed to collect common fractions from the separating troughs of multi- start spiral separators.The design of this feature is critical to ensure the effective directional change and joining of fast- moving slurries whilst minimizing splash and impact abrasion. [pic]  §1. 3 Spiral Operation [pic] Cross section of a spiral concentrator divided into various regions A cross section of a spiral concentrator can be divided into various regions, with each region describing the effect it has on the slurry travelin g through it : ? On the outer most region (1) (perimeter), will have mostly water, with fine particles, trapped by the high velocity of the moving water. Moving inward towards the center of the spiral, the next region(2) would consist of a very small area where the maximum water velocity exists, and prevents any separation to occur. This region is defined since it separates the next region (3) from the first region ? Region 3 is a very active region where the velocity begins to slow down and most of the separation occurs, as more dense particles settle to the bottom and the water velocity keeps the light density particles in the stream near the surface, where they eventually wind up in the outer regions (2 and 1). The next region (region 4) is actually where two regions overlap (region 3 and 5), and is a very narrow region (like region 2). ? Next to the last region (region 5) is where the heavy density concentrates collect Working Principle of Spiral Concentrators: In order to have a good separation, there should be a difference in Specific Gravity’s of at least 1. 0. One main benefit of spiral concentrators is they have no moving parts. The feed range, in percent solids, to a spiral ranges from 20% solids up to 40% solids. Depending upon the material characteristics, a maximum efficiency will usually be reached somewhere in this range.All that is required are some slurry pumps, the slurry to be separated and the banks of spirals with a feed distributor. ? Slurry is pumped to the top of the spiral (typically 13†² to 15†² from the floor), and it enters a feed distributor that evenly distributes the feed to each spiral concentrator. The design and shape of the spiral make it work, when combined with gravitational acceleration. ? As the slurry travels the spiraling path down the spiral, mineral grains settle and start sorting according to size, density and to a lesser extend shape. Low density particles are carried with the bulk of the water towards the outside of the spiral (perimeter), while particles with the greatest density migrate towards the inside of the spiral Chapter 2 Types of Spirals  §2. 1 Types of Spirals ? Washwaterless Spirals This type of spiral is used in most applications, particularly for concentrating low-grade ores. The only water required is added with the solids prior to introducing feed onto the spiral. Concentrates are removed either at the bottom directly into the product box or at several interme diate take-off points down the spiral. ? Coal/Mica SpiralsLarger in diameter than mineral-type spirals, these spirals are designed to take advantage of the particle shape differences as well as specific gravity differences. Take-off splitters at different points down the helix give this spiral a high capacity to remove refuse ore and siliceous contaminants from the coal or the mica. ? Washwater Spirals Washwater spirals require the addition of water at various points down the spiral providing more efficient washing of the concentrate, i. e. , transporting away light gangue (silica) from the concentrate band Standard Spiral Separators – Typically treat 2tph per start Have 3 starts per assembly (attached to one column) – Tonnage per assembly is 6tph ? High Capacity Spirals – Treat up to 5tph per start – Have 4 starts per assembly – Tonnage per Assembly is 20tph High Capacity Spiral (Rougher and Scavenger) High Capacity Spiral Fine Mineral Spiral Standard Spiral Standard High Grade Spiral New High Grade Spiral  §2. 2 Benefits of the use of Spirals ? One main benefit of spiral concentrators is that they have no moving parts; ? To treat more material in less floor area; ? Low maintenance and simplicity; ? Higher separation efficiency than pinched sluice devices Chapter 3 Geometric and Operational ParametersGeometric Parameters Geometrical variables: ? Diameter ? Pitch ? Down trough slope Some of these factors are interdependent. In general, recent design spiral separator have complex geometrical trough profiles that change throughout the length of the spiral trough. Diameter The trough diameter impacts on the trough profiles and downtrough slope and thence scale-up for higher capacity is not a trivial geometrical exercise Pitch The pitch (vertical distance between successive turns) determines the down trough slope and slurry velocity. This factor also influences the residence time of the feed slurry as does the number of turns.Down slope The slope can effect the velocity of the slurry moving through the spiral. The steeper the slope the higher the slurry velocity. |Model |5LL-1200 |5LL-900 |5LL-600 |5LL-400 | |Chute Outside Diameter(mm) |1200 |900 |600 |400 | |Qitch(mm) |900,720,540 |675,540,405 |450,360,270 |240,180 | |Ration of Qitch to Diameter |0. 5,0. 6,0. 45 |0. 75,0. 6,0. 45 |0. 75,0. 6,0. 45 |0. 6,0. 45 | |Lateral Slope |9 ° |9 ° |9 ° |9 ° | |Max Number of Spirals |4 |4 |3 |2 | |Feed Size(mm) |0. 3-0. 03 |0. 3-0. 03 |0. 2-0. 02 |0. 2-0. 2 | |Feed Density(%) |25-55 |25-55 |25-55 |25-55 | |Capacity(T/h) |4-6 |2-3 |0. 8-1. 2 |0. 15-0. 2 | |Dimention |Length(mm) |1360 |1060 |700 | Operational Parameters Operational variables: ? Slurry velocity ? Amount of slurry ? Amount of water Each parameter improves the impact on the other. The amount of water improves the amount of slurry and the Slurry velocity. The slurry velocity also depends on the density, mass and the viscosity of the materialThe amount of water effects the slurry viscosity . If the amount of water increases the flow- rate of the slurry increases. Conclusion The wide variety of spiral separator models now available provides a selection of models that ensures most applications where gravity separation of fine minerals can be utilized. The use of spiral concentrators benefits low-cost process plant .Further benefits to operators of mineral processing plants incorporating spiral separators include: †¢ Efficient feed distribution and products laundering systems †¢ Ease of control †¢ Low maintenance and long service life †¢ The availability of circuit modeling systems †¢ Simplified plant operation The ongoing development effort to improve the metallurgical performance and capacity of spiral separators for specific duties has e ffectively extended the product life cycle of this gravity separation device. How to cite Spiral Concentrator, Papers